SCI-TERMS

 

 

 

Moyo (older spelling Mojo) is an island in Indonesia's West Nusa Tenggara province. It is off the north coast Sumbawa Island, and has an area of 349 km2. It is at the mouth of Saleh Bay, has a nature reserve with wild oxen, deer, wild boars and a great variety bird species. Visits are best made during the dry season from June through August. A few kilometers of the north coast of Sumbawa, the national park island of Moyo Island is probably the most rewarding destination in Sumbawa, surrounded by beautiful coral reefs and home to wild pig, monitor lizards, 21 species of bat, huge herds of native deer and hordes of crab-eating macaques. The best time to visit is in June and July, though the seas are clear and quiet from April. There are basic private rooms at the PHPA post at Tanjung Pasir on the south coast, where most boats from the mainland arrive. Renting a fishing boat from Tanjung Pasir and going fifteen minutes east to Stama reeft is very rewarding, with lots of sharks and turtles. There's nowhere on Moyo to rent masks and snorkels so bring our own; fins are advisable due to the strong currents.

To get to Moyo, take a bemo from beside Seketang Market in Sumbawa Besar to Air Bari , a small port settlement to the northeast. From Air Bari, we can charter a boat to Moyo. 

 

Most of Moyo is a nature reserve called Moyo Island Hunting Park covering 22,537.90 ha (Decree of Minister of Forestry Number: 308/Kpts-II/1986 dated 29 September 1986)[citation needed], and is inhabited by macaques, wild cattle, wild pigs, barking deer, deer (Cervus timorensis) and several varieties of birds. The island rises 648m, and its centre is composed mainly of savannah and some strands of forest. The Marine Park of Moyo Island occupies the southern island. These two natural reserves are managed by an Office of Natural Conservation of West Nusa Tenggara, as a Technical Operation Unit of Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation-Ministry of Forestry.

Moyo Island offers a resort called Amanwana Resort, which provides overnight facilities using the tent. It is not a regular tent. This is luxurious tent equipped with sitting room to enjoy the view, king-size bed, writing desk, large bathrooms and air conditioning. There are two types of tents in Amanwana Resort, first is Ocean Tent offering spectacular forests in Moyo Island, and another is the Ocean tent that offers stunning ocean Moyo Island. Amanwana Resort Rates start from $ 700 – $ 800 / night.

Tapi, kurasa daya momentum itu hanya berlabuh saja...

Berbak National Park is a national park area on the eastern coastline of Central Sumatra included in Ramsar Convention for international wetland conservation. In 1992, the minister of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia following the original 1935 by Dutch colonial, officially states this area as National Park. Berbak National Park is a national park area on the eastern coastline of Central Sumatra included in Ramsar Convention for international wetland conservation.
 

  

 

In 1992, this area is officially stated as National Park by the minister of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia following the original 1935 by Dutch colonial. The uniqueness of this national park lies on its wetland ecosystem which become one unity of swamp ecosystem, freshwater swamp ecosystem and coastline ecosystem.This park is dominated by pandanaceae family, up to 10 species, even for Aracaceae has up to 27 species.


By canoeing through the swamp river canal, we can enjoy the undisturbed wildlife on the riverside and canopies. We have two exotic areas in this park, that are Air Hitam Dalam, typical freshwater swamp and floodplain, with wetland ecosystem and Air Hitam Laut and Cemara River where typical coastline and saltwater swamp and marsh is dominating the area. Up to 300 species of birds are living peacefully inside the park. Some exotic birds like, Wild duck (cairina scutulata), and all species of Raja Udang (alcenedenidae), and also 9 species of Rangkong (Bocerotidae). Migrant birds up to thousands, which reside off their Siberian - Australian journey, especially during October - March season, really amaze any human being, as we will find them blackening the coast horizons.

 

Primates also dominate the canopies during our canoe traverse. The more challenging wildlife to observe may lie deep underwater below your canoe. We can observe 2 species of crocodile, that is saltwater crocodile (crocodiles porous) and freshwater crocodile (tomistoma schegelii). Turtles family also dominates the swamp area. Big mammalia like Sumatran tiger (panthera tigris sumatraensis), Black bear (Helartos malayanus) may occasionally show up in front of your canoe. It may be special for the tiger, will require some patience from you and may be a good stamina to traverse into the center of the park on foot.

 

 

Prigi Beach is located in Tasikmadu village Watulimo district. It constitutes the most beautiful natural tourism object in Trenggalek regency and equipped with such facilities as Parking Area, Camping Site / Ground, Sport Center, Hotels, Restaurants, Etc. 

Beside to this Beach is a part of fish sale center. It can be reached by land transportation like buses and public van.

Prigi Beach is known for its magnificient rock formations. The most attractive part of this beach is its Southwestern coast. It includes a main bay, used by fishing boats as a harbour. 

The beach is also the site of Larung Semboyo, a sea festival worth attending. 

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Jatijajar cave is located for about 42 km to the south west of Kebumen. The legend inside the cave describing about the legend of Raden Kamandaka or lutung kasarung legend. The length of this cave is about 250 meters.

There are also another beautiful cave in the area of Jatijajar cave, such as, Intan Cave and Dempok cave completed by a pleasure park and Kera Island.

he cave was made from lime stone of 250 metres long counted from the entrance up to the exit gate. The width is 15 metres in average, the height is 12 metres and the thickness of the ceiling is about 10 metres.

Within this space, you can see the springs called Sendang. Number 4 is being such a fruit, that is Sendang Rose, kantil, Jombor and Puserbumi. Rose is being trusted has supernatural powers that can make a person stay young, so every visitor is always the time to wash the face with water that Sendang Rose.

In the Cave Jatijajar, there are many Stalagmite and Limestone Pillar or Pillar, namely the meeting between the Stalagmite Stalactite. All of this is formed by sediments raindrops that had reacted with limestone rocks in her translucent. According to research experts, for the formation of Stalactite it takes a very long time. In one year the thickest Stalactite formation thickness is only 1 cm only. Therefore Goa is Goa Lime Jatijajar very old.

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Wakatobi National Park is a marine national park, south of Sulawesi island of Indonesia. The name of Wakatobi is an acronym of the four main Tukangbesi Islands: Wangi-wangi, Kaledupa, Tomia, and Binongko.

Location and topography

Wakatobi National Park is located south-east of Sulawesi, between 05°12’-06°10’S and 123°20’-124°39’E, between the Banda Sea to the north-east and the Flores Sea to the south-west.

It consists of four larger islands: Wangi-Wangi, Kaledupa, Tomia and Binongko, as well as many small islands such as Tokobao, North Lintea, South Lintea, Kampenaune, Hoga and Tolandono. The highest elevation is 274 metres (899 ft) on Wangi-Wangi, followed by Lagole Hill (271m) on Tomia, Terpadu Hill (222 m) on Binongko and Mount Sampuagiwolo (203 m) on Kadelupa.The water depth varies, with the deepest parts reaching 1,044 metres (3,425 ft).

Coral Reefs

In the park, there are panoramic beauty of the underwater world that has 25 fruit clusters of coral reefs. Group of coral reefs can be found about 112 species from 13 families, located at 25 points along the 600 km coastline. Coral species are: - Acropora formosa, - Hyacinthus, - Psammocora profundasafla, - Pavona cactus, - Leptoseris yabei, - molucensis Fungia, - Lobophyllia robusta, - Merulina ampliata, - Platygyra versifora, - glabrescens Euphyllia, - frondes Tubastraea, - Stylophora pistillata , - throchelliophorum Sarcophyton, and - Sinularia spp.

 

Flora and Fauna

The types of vegetation found in the national park are mangrove forest, coastal forest, lowland swamp forest, riverbank vegetation, lowland rainforest, mountain rainforest and coral reefs. The Wakatobi Archipelago has 25 groups of coral reefs including fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls. A survey conducted in 2003 identified 396 species of coral belonging to 68 genera and 15 families. These include Acropora formosa, Acropora hyacinthus, Psammocora profundasafla, Pavona cactus, Leptoseris yabei, Fungia molucensis, Lobophyllia robusta, Merulina ampliata, Platygyra versifora, Euphyllia glabrescens, Tubastraea frondes, Stylophora pistillata, Sarcophyton throchelliophorum, and Sinularia species.

Among the recorded species of seabird are the Brown Booby, Common Kingfisher and Malaysian Plover.

Turtles in the park include the Hawksbill turtle, Loggerhead sea turtle, and Olive Ridley.


     
Other Animals

In addition there are several species of sea birds such as: - swan-stone brown (Sula leucogaster plotus), - melayu kettle (Charadrius peronii), - the king prawns erasia (Alcedo atthis); There are three types of turtles that often landed on the island is national park the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), jars turtle (Caretta caretta), and turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea).



Peculiarity

For tourists who enjoy the natural beauty of the underwater to do some activities in the Wakatobi National Park, such as: diving, snorkeling and swimming to look beautiful cluster of coral reefs and colorful fish dancing and also witness various cultural communities.

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Tawangmangu is located 40 km east of Solo, this recreational resort offers fresh weather; scenic views, swimming pools, bungalow style hotels and restaurants. Tawangmangu, a mountain resorts at an elevation of almost 1 km above sea level, which promises a cool escape from the city's heat. It lies on the slopes of Mt., Lawu, at an elevation of 1300 m above sea level. A cool splendid hill resort also on the slope of mount Lawu, at about 1400 M height above sea level. The road from Solo via Karangpandan is a fine trip thru magnificent green terraced hills. Tawangmangu has all kind of facilities, hotel, camping ground, forest tourism, etc. The climate is fresh and one can enjoy the beautiful scenery. Other features include nearby temples, a national park and 40m in high waterfall of Grojogan Sewu.

It is a 100 M high waterfall; the pool at the bottom has very chilly water. In front of the gate to Grojogan Sewu, horses for rent are available to ride around Tawangmangu.

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The cultural village of Sindangbarang located in the village of eurih district of the Regency of Bogor, West Java sand castles. Located only 5 km from the city of Bogor, 60 km from the city of Jakarta. Located at an altitude of 350-500 metres above sea level, consists of 14 RW and 54 RT with a population reaches 12 000 inhabitants. Livelihoods of the majority of people is becoming artisans and farmers shoes slippers. The population is 90% Muslim and still has a very high kinship systems in their daily lives. Precipitation fairly and in this cultural village is the climate varies from 23 ° C at night and 30 degrees C during the day.

In this cultural village, there are 8 types of Sundanese arts that have been revitalized and preserved by its inhabitants. Here there are also sites the archaeological heritage in the form of royal Pajajaran terrace hill. In this village, traditional ceremony is held in this place every once a year, namely Seren Taun as ceremony the public expression of gratitude to Almighty God for the harvest and agricultural products obtained in this case and hope that next year's harvest will be better.

To preserve the traditional arts in the culture of the people, dance, and gamelan organised for young children for free training by the culture of the people. Young people who have experience in their respective arts will be involved in the Organization of welcome customers that surely will join their own income.

And, to preserve the archaeological sites, cultural villages in cooperation with the FIB UI conducts research, documentation and conduct seminars on heritage sites such Pajajaran kingdom. Friends of the FIB UI had been bookable folklore about Sindangbarang itself.

Currently, traditional houses and cultural traditions in this village has been reconstructed and revitalized culture with the guidance and instruction from Mr Anis Djatisunda an Elders Cultural Sindangbarang and West Java. Revitalizing the home culture and tradition is necessary for the sunda not lose their identity.

Living with kokolot is one of the cultural uniqueness in Sindangbarang village. Because it is a cultural village, then the guests will feel the atmosphere of everyday village life. Where guests will stay with kokolot and artists who lived in the village culture. The guests will enjoy the atmosphere of mothers pounding rice in Saung lisung, cooking with wood and Hawu (kitchen traditional Sundanese), see farmers cultivate, learn traditional arts and others.

And several facilities in the cultural village of Sindangbarang, such as Building Traditional, Views of Mount Gede, Tracking Area, Houses Panengen and pangiwa, Friendly Service, Sundanese Art Studio Culture, Discussion Room, Health Services, and Facilities Bedroom.

History Value

Sindangbarang, the name was already known and recorded in the Chronicle of fern or Pajajaran as one of important and Pajajaran Sunda kingdom. This is due in sindangbarang is one of the royal palace where King Prabu Siliwangi lived with his wife, Dewi Kentring Manik Mayang Sunda. While the ruler of sindangbarang at that time was Surabima Panjiwirajaya or Amuk Murugul. Even the Son, King Siliwangi and Kentring Manik Mayang Sunda was called by name Guru Gantangan lahir and raised in Sindangbarang.

Until now, there is an ancient relic in Sri bagenda Sindangbarang Park, namely the park is a pond with a length of 15 X 45 meters, and 33 points punden berundak-undak.

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Arthur Schopenhauer atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Schopenhauer, ialah seorang pemikir atau  filsuf Idealisme Jerman yang melanjutkan tradisi filsafat pasca-Kant. Dialah yang pertama kali membuka mata terhadap bagian dalam yang gelap dari manusia, yang ada di bawah permukaan kesadaran. Selai itu, Schopenhauer untuk pertama kalinya juga membuka jalan bagi suatu filsafat dan suatu psikologi dari hal yang tak sadar.

Dalam perkembangan filsafat Schopenhauer, ia dipengaruhi dengan kuat oleh Kant dan juga pandangan Buddha. Pemikiran Kant nampak di dalam pandangan Schopenhauer tentang dunia sebagai ide dan kehendak. Kant menyatakan bahwa pengetahuan manusia terbatas pada bidang penampakan atau fenomena, sehingga benda-pada-dirinya-sendiri (das Ding an sich) tidak pernah bisa diketahui manusia. Misalnya, apa yang manusia ketahui tentang pohon bukanlah pohon itu sendiri, melainkan gagasan orang itu tentang pohon. Schopenhauer mengembangkan pemikiran Kant tersebut dengan menyatakan bahwa benda-pada-dirinya-sendiri itu bisa diketahui, yakni kehendak.

Menurut Schopenhauer, dunia adalah suatu gagasan. Dari dunia sebagai gagasan itu tiada jalan yang menuju kepada dunianya dalam dirinya sendiri. Di luar atau di atas gagasan tiada dunia dalam dirinya sendiri. Oleh karena itu, hakekat dunia tidak dapat didekati dari luar, sebab segala pendekatan dari luar hanya memberi pengetahuan tentang apa yang tampak saja, tidak memberi pengetahuan tentang hakekat dunia itu. Jikalau kita ingin tahu tentang hakekat sebenarnya dari dunia ini, kita harus memasuki diri kita sendiri.

Manusia menemukan di dalam dirinya bahwa kehendaklah yang menjadi pendorong. Oleh karena itu, kehendak adalah bagian hidup yang terdalam. Bagian hidup yang terdalam ini dapat menampikan diri sebagai kehendak yang lebih tinggi dan sebagai kehendak yang lebih rendah. Kehendak yang tampil sebagai kehendak yang lebih tinggi di dalam pikiran, yang menjadi objek di dalam diri manusia, yang menyebabkan adanya gagasan-gagasan tentang dunia. Juga tubuh manusia dapat tampak sebagai gagasan, menjadi objek pandangan akal, menjadi objek di antara objek-objek yang lain. Sedangkan kehendak yang tampil sebagai kehendak yang lebih rendah di dalam perbuatan tubuh yang dapat diamati. Di dalam hal ini, perbuatan kehendak dan aktifitas tubuh bukan dua hal yang berbeda yang dihubungkan secara kausal (yang satu menyebabkan yang lain), sebab keduanya adalah sama atau dengan kata lain identik. Aktifitas tubuh tidak lain adalah perbuatan kehendak yang telah diperagakan, yang telah diobjektivir. Dengan demikian, tubuh tidak lain adalah kehendak yang telah diobjektivir dalam ruang dan waktu.

Secra garis besar, tujuan kehendak adalah hidup itu sendiri. Hakikat Ada manusia sebagai Kehendak adalah tetap hidup dan memaksimalkan kehidupan. Karena, tujuan kehendak adalah hidup, maka yang dibenci dan dihindari oleh Kehendak adalah kematian. Dengan demikian, untuk menghindari kematian itu, maka kehendak selalu bereproduksi.

Meski kematian dibenci dan musuh kehendak, kehendak tidak pernah meresahkan kematian. Karena dia sendiri adalah keresahan dan penderitaan. Kesadaranlah yang merasakan keresahan dan penderitaan itu. Sehingga, mereka yang berkesadaran sesunguhnya yang selalu resah. Makin meningkat kesadaran atau pengetahuan seseorang, maka makin meningkat pula penderitaan dan keresahannya. Munculnya keresahan yang dialami kesadaran pada manusia, tak lain karena manusia (dipaksa) memikirkan tentang kematian. Kita merasakan kebosanan hidup, penderitaan dan sakit yang tak berujung, terjadi karena manusia berkesadaran.  

Di dalam pemikiran Schopenhauer, kehendak tidak hanya menjadi daya pendorong di dalam manusia. Kehendak juga menjadi daya pendorong di dalam seluruh dunia, yaitu sebagai kehendak-dunia. Kehendak-dunia juga berkembang dari yang tak sadar ke yang sadar, sedang tiap tahap dalam perkembangan ini memiliki pengalamannya sendiri-sendiri. Semula keluarlah dari kehendak-dunia yang tak sadar itu alam yang tidak organis, kemudian alam tumbuh-tumbuhan dan alam binatang. Dalam tahap alam manusia, kehendak-dunia telah sampai kepada kesadaran diri. Demikianlah kehendak menampakkan diri sebagai asas dunia. Berdasarkan hal itu, maka segala gejala atau penampakkan yang mengelilingi manusia dalam ruang dan waktu harus dipandang sebagai penjelmaan kehendak. Kekuatan yang menggerakkan planet-planet, yang menjadikan benda-benda dapat mengadakan hubungan kimiawi, dan lain sebagainya, semuanya itu adalah kehendak-dunia, yang terjadi tanpa disadari. Di dalam bidang kehidupan, nafsu pembiakanlah yang menjadi penjelmaan yang paling kuat dari kehendak-dunia. Nafsu ini bahkan menglahkan maut. Maka sebenarnya pusat kehendak berada di dalam genitalia, yaitu tempat nafsu seksual. Apa sebab dua orang yang berbeda jenisnya begitu tertarik dari seorang kepada yang lain? Tidak lain karena kehendak untuk hidup yang terjelma dalam cinta seksual itu dan orang perorangan menjadi alat bagi jenisnya.

Jikalau dunia dipandang sebagai kehendak, maka hidup adalah penderitaan. Hal ini disebabkan kehendak tiada batasnya, sedang pemuasannya adalah terbatas. Akibatnya ialah bahwa manusia diserahkan kepada nafsu-nafsu dan keinginan-keinginan, sehingga tiada kebahagiaan pada manusia. Itulah sebabnya kenyataan hidup adalah penderitaan. Kesenangan hanya bersifat negatif. Kebahagiaan adalah tidak hadirnya penderitaan.

Demikianlah manusia dibelenggu oleh kehendaknya. Agar supaya manusia dapat bahagia, ia harus membebaskan diri dari belenggu kehendaknya dan dari perbudakan kehendak perorangan. Hal ini memang mungkin, sebab manusia dapat menjadi pelaku atau subjek pengetahuan yang murni, tanpa dibelenggu kehendaknya. Pengetahuan yang dapat diperoleh dengan cara demikian adalah kesenian, yang adalah karya seorang genius (genie). Kesenian adalah pemandangan terhadap segala sesuatu tanpa tergantung kepada kausalitas dan ketergantungan kepada kehendak. Seorang genius memiliki suatu daya untuk memnadang secara murni, yang tidak dimiliki manusia biasa. Dalam pemandangan di bidang  kesenian itu, manusia dibebaskan dari perbudakan kehendak, sehingga manusia mengalami keadaan yang mengatasi segala yang alamiah, yang bebas dari penderitaan. Dengan demikian, jalan kepada kebahagiaan ialah penyangkalan kehendak.

Cibodas Botanical Garden or the forest park (Botanical Garden), located in the mount Gede Pangrango Cimacan complex forest, the village, Pacet Cianjur. topography of the terrain is mountainous and hilly with an altitude of 1275 m above the sea, the air temperature of 17-27 degrees Celsius. This garden was founded in 1862 by Johannes Elias Teysjmann as a branch of the place at the foot of Mount Gede Bogor botanical gardens. With 2380 mm of rainfall per year and temperatures average 18 degrees Celsius, this botanical garden devoted to the collection of upland wet tropical plants, such as a variety of conifers and ferns.

The Botanical Garden, which covers about 80 hectares is located at the foot of Mount Gede Pangrango-already known as a tourist destination that is very interesting. In fact, there is the nickname of the garden of Eden in Asia. Beauty Cibodas Botanic Garden is a collection of trees. Here is a collection of hundreds of trees, both old and young trees. Recorded 5831 samples from 1206 species live here. Cibodas Botanic Garden, which is the gateway for climbers who want to climb Mount Gede visited not less than 400 000 people. Some sites of interest visitors include GHG (Green House), Jalan Araucaria (auracarua Avenue), waterfall and the location of the landscape along the Cibodas fountain.

In a greenhouse that contains a cactus, orchids and rare plants that may be different. There are almost 4,000 samples from 350 types of cactus plants of 360 species of orchids are stored in this greenhouse. As nature tourism, Cibodas Botanical Garden, will spoil. You and your family with natural beauty. Cold weather, wind and the chirping of birds will take you to the ivory tower previously unimaginable. gurgling fountain that comes out with the swift will welcome visitors through the gates so that Cibodas Botanical Garden. Dozens of large carp that inhabit the pond just across the gate, as if he invites you to enjoy the content of the heart Cibodas Botanical Garden. To explore the entire contents of Cibodas Botanical Garden, a walk would be more fun. However, given the contours of the rise and fall, otherwise the drive. Unless you are physically strong.






Apart from presenting the green trees, in the garden behind you can see the river where the water is clear. Because splitting the road, you have to cross a river filled with these stones. This river is situated at altitude, so when you see the scenery around, as it will be at the top of the mountain. In the vicinity of this river, if by chance, you can meet with the monkeys and even wild boar. Cibodas Botanical Garden is located in the village Rarahan, Cimacan, Cianjur. The distance is about 85 km from Jakarta. Or, about 90 minutes via toll road perjalnaan Bogor-Puncak-Cianjur. From the road we still have to walk or climb the vehicle approximately 4 km longer to get there. The park is situated at an altitude of 1,500 m, the climate is cool 18 degrees Celsius. That said, the opening of the Botanical Garden Cibodas associated with the entry of quinine in Indonesian history. At first, the Dutch botanist Johannes Elias Teysmann prepare the land that is now the Botanic Garden Cibodas quinine plantations.

Cinchona seed brought from the Netherlands to Batavia on 11 April 1852 that made the day of birth Cibodas Botanical Garden.


FACILITIES

Various facilities are available at the facility Cibodas region, ranging from parking space to accommodate dozens of four-wheeled vehicles and buses, equipped with documentation of spatial information Wana Wisata Cibodas, children's play areas, rooms, public toilets, shelters, pavilions, outdoor theater, and camping ground area of 3 hectares which can accommodate 200 tents. At the Botanical Garden there Cibodas Campgrounds Mandala Kitri. There is also a golf course, Mulya Asri Bandung. At the campground looks a dinosaur statue, which give an idea or a warning for the preservation of forests are not disappearing like the ancient animals that lived this history.


PLANT COLLECTION

Cibodas Botanical Garden (CBG) is intended as a set of ex situ (outside the habitat) to tropical wet upland vegetation. Included in his collection is a wide range of protected species such as tusam and conifers, ferns mountains, forests calothyrsus, there are natural forests and waterfalls. From the entrance to the location of the waterfall is 750 meters. Moss Park Cibodas Collection of the most distinctive of KRC is Cibodas Moss Park which features 216 types of moss and lichen hatidari various parts of Indonesia and the world. With an area of 2500m square, the park is claimed as the only one in the world that lies outside the room and has the largest collection.

A travel tourism can be distinguished in various forms viewed from different aspects.

1). In terms of the number of tourists, there are divided into:

a. Individual tour (personal tour), is a tour conducted by one person or a married couple.

b. Family group tour (tourist family), is a tour dilakuakan group of families who still have a kinship with each other.

c. Group tours (tour group), is a tour conducted jointly led by a person responsible for the safety and needs of all its members. Usually at least 10 people, based upon a piece of the company's principals for the eleventh, namely between 25 to 50% of the cost of flights or lodging.

2). In terms of settings, there are divided into:

a. Pre-Arranged tours which is a journey away from the previous tour had everything well organized transport, accommodation, and the objects that will be visited. Usually governed by a special institution to manage and organize and communicate with all agencies or institutions associated with these interests..

b. Package tour which is a travel product sold by a company or travel agency transport companies collaborating with where the price of package tours have included travel expenses, hotel, or other facilities that provide convenience for the buyer. In other words, this tour package is a tourism product which is a composition which is prepared and sold travel in order to provide convenience and practicality in the leisure traveler.

c. Coach tours which is a excursion travel packages sold by travel agencies led by a tour guide and a tour organized by routines, remain within a predetermined period of time as well as travel routes.


d. Special Arranged that is a trip tailored specifically to meet the demand for one or more subscriptions in accordance with their interests.

e. Optional Tour which is an additional travel outside the arrangement that had been developed and agreed its implementation, at the request of subscription.


3).  In terms of intent and purpose, there are divided into:

a. Holidays tour which is a tour seminar was conducted and followed by its members in order to vacation, have fun and recreation.


b. Familiarization tour is a trip intended to find out more about the field or area that has a connection with his work. For example a travel agency that organizes overseas trips for his employees to Indonesia in order to recognize and then to provide better information about Indonesia, so that the package tour production may be sold easily.


c. Educational tours is a trip intended to give an illustration, a comparative study of knowledge or know the field of work he visited. Called study tour or travel requests knowledge.


d. Scientific Tour that is essentially the purpose of tour is to obtain knowledge or investigation of a certain field of science. For example excursions to see blooming corpse flower (Rafflesia Arnoldi), see a total solar eclipse in Java Tengeah June 11, 1983, investigating the lives of Komodo dragons, orangutans in Borneo, etc..


e. Pilgrimage tour which meant trips to conduct religious worship, for example Umrah trip by a travel agency PATUNA Consortium (Pantravel, Tunas Indonesia, and Natrabu), tours to Lourdes in southern France, the tour followed in Borobudur temple waicak- Pawon-Mendut, etc..


f. Special Mission tour is a tour conducted by a special purpose, such as trade missions, the mission of art, etc..


g. Special Programme tour is a trip intended to fill a particular vacancy, for example Laddies Programme, a kujungan into a tourist attraction by the wife or partner because of her husband attending a meeting, convention or special meeting.


h. Hunting tour which is a tourist visit is intended to organize the hunting of animals permitted by the authorities solely for entertainment, such as wild boar hunting in Sumatra, hunting kangaroos in Australia, etc..


4).  In terms of implementation, there are divided into:

a. Excursion (excursion), which is a short distance trips are taken less than 24 hours to visit one or more of a tourist attraction.


b. Safari tour, a tour organized specifically with equipment and special equipment is also a goal or object is not an object traveling in general. For example, a trip to a safari tour in East Java Blauran, Ujungkulon safari tours, safari tours to Komodo Island in East Nusa Tenggara, etc..


c. Cruise tours, which travel by boat cruise tour visiting marine tourism objects and attractions on land, but using a cruise ship as a its dispatch base.


d. Youth Tour is the tour visits, which is  a special implementation is designed for adolescents by age group set by the law of each State. In Indonesia generally considered teenagers, they are still in high school education has not been sitting on the bench, universities, or those whose age was under 21 years old and unmarried.


e. Marine tours which is a special tourist visits to see the beauty of the ocean, Wreck diving (diving with full diving equipment).







E.    VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF TRAVEL TOURISM


In an effort to meet the needs and tastes of tourists in order to obtain the satisfaction it gives birth to a new element to consider is the service factor. Preparing for services and products must comply with the demands for compliance kebuthan tourists. Thus arises the further specialization dala service and formed a distribution service by their respective supporters tourism industry.

Means of tourism can be divided into three main elements, namely:


1. Principal means of tourism (tourism main superstructure).
a) The general travel bureau and travel agents;
b) tourist transport whether by land, sea or air;
c) Accommodation (lodging);
d) Restaurant (catering trades);
e) The object of tourism, among others:
- The beauty of nature (natural amenitiea), climate, scenery, fauna and flora of the weird (Uncommon vegetation and animals), forest (the Sylvan elemens) and health centers (health resources), such as sulfur hot springs, mud baths, etc..
- Creation of human (man made supply) seperiti monuments, temples, art galleries, etc..
f) attractions (tourist attraction)
- Creation of human like art, festival, party rituals, traditional wedding ceremonies, circumcision, etc..
2. Complementary means of tourism (tourism supplementing superstructure):
- Recreation and sports facilities such as gold course, tennis court, spa, horse riding, photography, etc..
- Public infrastructure such as roads, bridges, electricity, airports, telecommunications, water supply, ports, etc..

3. Support facilities for tourism (tourism supporting superstructure):
- Night club and Steambath
- Casino and Entertainment
- Souvenir Shops, mailing service, etc.

Thus, the travel agency and travel agent is one of the main industry of tourism.

The main task is to form a travel agent instead of planning all aspects of travel, a subscription, and for that he should know really.

a. That he should be able to fully understand the needs of a customer who wanted to travel.
b. That he should decide, on the basis of experience and consideration, for not biased in choosing the transport company, hotel accommodation and excellent service to its customers in order presented.
c. That he should have direct knowledge or experience concerning the area to be visited by the subscription, because in the mind of a subscription, is a person in authority, who know the area so that travel plans are drawn up is a successful plan.
d. That he should strive to satisfy its customers that allows them to travel once again in the period not longer.

To perform its function as a tour organizer who managed the travel agency should have personnel who are knowledgeable, skillful and have the confidence (self-confidence is high).

One of which is the key to successful travel arrangements is if the travel agency that provides either of the tour guides. The guide is a communicator between the interests of the company with customers in the implementation of a tourism trip. He is also a public relations officer (public relations officer) for a company that represents travel agents. Is, in accordance with public relations sense, people who always maintains a continuous process (continuous) of business-management business (the company) to obtain the goodwill of its customers, employees, and the general public (the customer, pen.), Ie entered into the improvements to yourself, out by holding the claims.

Thus it is clear duties and responsibilities of tour guides need a specific job, the job is well educated and professionally trained (skilled and Trained personnel).

Source :

1.  Prabowohadi, Susetyo. 1983. Teknik Memandu Wisata. Baturaden.

Kata logika bagi kita tidak asing lagi di telinga kita, ada yang menyebutnya berpikir logis, perhitungan logis, maupun keadaan logis. Semuanya itu memang ada kaitannya, tetapi dalam hal ini logika sendiri berasal dari bahasa Yunani kuno λόγος (logos) yang berarti hasil pertimbangan akal pikiran yang diutarakan lewat kata dan dinyatakan dalam bahasa. Dalam perkembangannya, logika sebagai salah satu cabang dari filsafat berkembang membentuk sebuah ilmu, yang dikenal ilmu logika. Sebagai ilmu, logika disebut dengan logike episteme (Latin: logica scientia) atau ilmu logika (ilmu pengetahuan) yang mempelajari kecakapan untuk berpikir secara lurus, tepat, dan teratur. Ilmu disini mengacu pada kemampuan rasional untuk mengetahui dan kecakapan mengacu pada kesanggupan akal budi untuk mewujudkan pengetahuan ke dalam tindakan. Kata logis yang dipergunakan tersebut bisa juga diartikan dengan masuk akal.

Namun, apa yang menjadi titik pusat logika itu sendiri? Sebelum memasuki bahasan mengenai hal itu ada baiknya untuk mengenal dasar logika. Dasar penalaran dalam  logika ada dua, yakni deduktif dan induktif.

Penalaran deduktif, kadang disebut logika deduktif, adalah penalaran yang membangun atau mengevaluasi argumen deduktif. Argumen dinyatakan deduktif jika kebenaran dari kesimpulan ditarik atau merupakan konsekuensi logis dari premis-premisnya. Argumen deduktif dinyatakan valid atau tidak valid, bukan benar atau salah. Sebuah argumen deduktif dinyatakan valid jika dan hanya jika kesimpulannya merupakan konsekuensi logis dari premis-premisnya.
Contoh argumen deduktif:
1.    Setiap mamalia punya sebuah jantung
2.    Semua kuda adalah mamalia
Jadi, setiap kuda punya sebuah jantung

Penalaran induktif, kadang disebut logika induktif, adalah penalaran yang berangkat dari serangkaian fakta-fakta khusus untuk mencapai kesimpulan umum.
Contoh argumen induktif:
1.    Kuda Sumba punya sebuah jantung
2.    Kuda Australia punya sebuah jantung
3.    Kuda Amerika punya sebuah jantung
4.    Kuda Inggris punya sebuah jantung
5.    ...
Jadi, setiap kuda punya sebuah jantung

Dari kedua dasar penalaran logika itu, ternyata di dalamnya ada sebuah konsep metodis yang membawa pikiran manusia ke dalam hubungan yang logis, akni hubungan antara kesimpulan dan bukti atau bukti-bukti yang diberikan (premis). Inilah yang dinamakan titik pusat logika atau inti dari logika. Yang menyatakan bahwa kesahihan (validitas) sebuah argumen ditentukan oleh bentuk logisnya, bukan oleh isinya.

Adapun kegunaan dari logika itu sendiri, diantaranya :
1.    Membantu setiap orang yang mempelajari logika untuk berpikir secara rasional, kritis, lurus, tetap, tertib, metodis dan koheren.
2.    Meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir secara abstrak, cermat, dan objektif.
3.    Menambah kecerdasan dan meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir secara tajam dan mandiri.
4.    Memaksa dan mendorong orang untuk berpikir sendiri dengan menggunakan asas-asas sistematis
5.    Meningkatkan cinta akan kebenaran dan menghindari kesalahan-kesalahan berpkir, kekeliruan serta kesesatan.
6.    Mampu melakukan analisis terhadap suatu kejadian.
7.    Terhindar dari klenik , gugon-tuhon ( bahasa Jawa )
8.   Apabila sudah mampu berpikir rasional,kritis ,lurus,metodis dan analitis sebagaimana tersebut pada butir pertama maka akan meningkatkan citra diri seseorang.

But just as human curiosity to know how old the earth or when the formation of this earth, then the expert wits to try to estimate when the sun goes out.

As has been explained in advance, that the sun will be extinguished when the sun thermonuklir reaction has stopped. When the sun goes out, then life on earth will stop. Have been able to prove empirically that there are stars shining brightly at first, but then the more its light dimmed and finally extinguished. This situation has been recorded by the hubble space telescope. On this basis it can be just the sun at some point will be extinguished.

A German physicist, Hermann von Helmholtz, in the year 1825 turned out to observe the development of the solar diameter of sun each year shrank 85 m. If Helmholtz's observations is true, then the calculation of depreciation based on the diameter of the sun, the age of the sun will only last for up to 25,000,000 20,000,000 years from the sun experienced shrinkage.

For that period, Helmholtz's theory is quite satisfactory to the scientists, before finally aborted by thermonuklir reaction theories that persist to this day.

On the basis of theory, of course thermonuklir Helmholtz theory to be incorrect, because in fact the sun has been shining since the order of 5,000,000,000 years ago or even more than that, an age that exceeds the estimate of Helmholtz.

Thermonuklir reaction proposed by Hans Bethe as has been described above, in fact similar to conventional chemical reactions in the sense that the reaction can still be going on during still available elements or reactants which cause the reaction process thermonuklir.

In thermonuklir reaction occurring in the sun, as the main reactant is hydrogen gas. Astronomy and astrophysics experts argue that with increasing age of the sun, hence the use of hydrogen for reaction thermonuklir in order to get a very, very hot energy grew older.

In this event the energy generated by the reaction thermonuklir also increased, so that the radiant energy emitted by the sun also grew. This also means the temperature of the earth's atmosphere will rise and the earth will be felt more and more heat.

If the opinion of the experts of astronomy and astrophysics is correct, ie with increasing age of the sun will make the supply of hydrogen gas on the solar surface is reduced, then it is clear that sooner or later the sun will eventually be extinguished.

Based on this theory of solar radiation energy is estimated to still be able to survive for a period of approximately 10,000,000,000 years, after the sun goes out.

An example of a star is currently in the process leading to the situation goes out, has the image can be recorded by the Space Telescope Hublle. This empirically shows the possibility that the same could happen to our sun.

In theory the way to the time of 10,000,000,000. , the temperature of the earth's atmosphere will keep rising due to energy radiation coming from the sun to get hot. This situation will cause the ice in the north and south poles will melt resulting in tenggelammnya some land or shoreline shifts landward. Cities that are on the beach will be drowned. This is just the beginning of a disaster for human life on this earth. The next disaster is to evaporate all the water existing on earth, because the temperature of the earth's atmosphere the more heat that ultimately there is no water on this earth. Earth dried completely without water and hot temperatures cause the termination of life on this earth. This situation occurs near the time approached 10,000,000,000 years to come.

At the time the sun runs out of hydrogen gas reactants, the reaction thermonuklir really going to quit and this means that the sun goes out. The sun has gone out of this will dim; into small icy planet called "White Dwarfs" or the white dwarf is not the sun again!

Example of a star or planet that has become a "white dwarfs" in the universe is quite a lot, one of the stars on the planet is currently heading the death as recorded by the Hubble Space Telescope.

Once again, these circumstances will occur 10,000,000,000 years to come. Description This is an answer to the question of when in the sun thermonuklir reaction stops or the sun goes out.

Source :

On January 25, 2007, a rare goblin shark caught by fishermen in the bay of Tokyo. This living fossil died 2 days later. With the head of a strange and scary teeth, this fish has attracted attention of scientists from around the world. Here's a brief history of these mysterious ancient sharks.

Only a few of which can be known from this monster that is usually only stay in the oceans. Goblin shark named scientific Mitsukurina owstoni is an ancient shark that were previously considered extinct. He can instantly recognizable from the shape of his head which has a long bulge out from the forehead. Besides the scary teeth adorn his mouth. Goblin sharks can grow up to 3.3 meters long and weighing 159 kg.

This shark is generally found only in the deep ocean, far below the sunlight, more than 200 meters below sea level. They can be found in the waters around the world, from Australia to the Gulf of Mexico. But those who know them mainly from Japanese waters, a place where modern science to find them for the first time.

The first discovery of these sharks can be traced to the year 1898, when one specimen was caught in the Sagami Sea, near Yokohama, Japan. It is estimated there are about 24 species associated with these sharks. Japan's scientific name is smelly, Mitsukurina owstoni, was first given by David Jordan who received the first specimen of this fish from a zoologist named Kakichi Mitsukuri Uiversitas Tokyo. While owstoni name of respect for a collector named Alan Owston wild creatures who also obtained this fish from a Japanese fisherman.